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OBJECTIVE To predict the development trends of licensed pharmacist staffing in retail pharmacies within the western China and provide reference for the formulation of policies related to licensed pharmacists. METHODS Based on the data of retail pharmacies and licensed pharmacists in the western China from 2016 to 2022， a grey model was constructed to analyze and predict the number development trends of retail pharmacies and licensed pharmacists in the western China from 2023 to 2026. RESULTS Currently， the 1∶1 staffing requirement for licensed pharmacists and retail pharmacies had been met in Shaanxi， Guangxi and Gansu. Based on current trends， Inner Mongolia， Chongqing， Yunnan， and Qinghai were expected to meet the 1∶1 staffing requirement for licensed pharmacists and retail pharmacies between 2023 and 2026. Sichuan and Xinjiang were also expected to meet this requirement in the future. However， there was still a significant gap in Guizhou， Xizang， and Ningxia towards achieving the above goals. CONCLUSIONS There is still a discrepancy between the deployment of licensed pharmacists and the national requirements in certain western provinces. Local authorities should formulate relevant policies according to local circumstances. Regions that have already met or will soon achieve the staffing requirement for licensed pharmacists should continue to enhance the quantity and quality of their licensed pharmacist workforce. In areas where meet this criterion in the short term is not feasible， it is necessary to strengthen the development of the licensed pharmacist workforce， and control the number of new retail pharmacies.
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OBJECTIVE To provide reference for improving the continuing education management for licensed pharmacists in China. METHODS By searching related policies ，notices and documents of continuing education of licensed pharmacists in various provinces in China ，the retrieval time limit was from the implementation of the licensed pharmacist qualification access system in 1994 to December 31，2021. The organizational structure ，implementation status and problems of continuing education management for licensed pharmacists in 31 provinces were analyzed to put forward the suggestions. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS At present ， the management subjects of continuing education for licensed pharmacists in China at the national level are still unclear ，and the management subjects of continuing education at the local level are mostly provincial drug administration and （licensed）pharmacist association，and some are pharmaceutical societies ，so the management system needs to be straightened out. At present ，most provinces have selected teaching institutions through public bidding ，basically realize the separation of discipline ，but the openness and transparency of selection standards need to be strengthened. In addition ，there are still some problems ，such as teaching content and methods need to be enriched and optimized ，and insufficient funds guarantee in most areas. It is suggested to clarify the division of responsibilities for the continuing education management of licensed pharmacists in China ，improve the management of teaching institutions ，enrich the teaching contents and forms of continuing education of licensed pharmacists ，and ensure the management funds of continuing education of licensed pharmacists.
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OBJECTIVE From the perspective of licensed pharmacist ，provide reference for improving the risk management ability of electronic prescription circulation in the internet hospitals . METHODS The methods of literature review and comparative analysis were used to interpret the risk factor of electronic prescription circulation ，stakeholders’responsibilities and the situation of prescription reviewed by pharmacists . The responsibilities of pharmacists in internet hospitals ，brick and mortar stores and third - party drug platforms were analyzed specifically to propose the institutional arrangements for the licensed pharmacist ’s provision in the risk management of electronic prescription circulation . RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS Through the establishment of internet hospital pharmacovigilance system ，the preparation of double -reviewing specification for licensed pharmacists ，and the remote reviewing of the chief licensed pharmacist system ，the licensed pharmacists ’responsibilities should be promoted to fulfill the risk management of electronic prescription circulation in the internet hospital .
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OBJECTIVE To provide reference and ideas for optimizing the continuing education system of pharmacists in China. METHODS By introducing the continuing professional development （CPD）model of pharmacists in Japan ，the current situation and existing problems for continuing education of pharmacists in China were analyzed to puts forward some suggestions. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS The continuing education system of CPD model for pharmacists in Japan included five continuous cycle processes ：self-assessment，making plan ，implementing plan ，learning record and result evaluation. It emphasized the autonomy and sustainability of pharmacists ’learning and promoted the sustainable development of pharmacists ’career. The education and training of pharmacists in Japan were subject to the certification system ，and a diversified implementation organization composed of industry associations ，colleges and universities and commercial education institutions had been formed. After continuous reform ，Japan had established a relatively mature and perfect sustainable career development model for pharmacists. Our country can refer to the CPD model of Japanese pharmacists ，promote the legislation of pharmacists ，explore the unified management model （the unity of hospital pharmacists and licensed pharmacists ），explore the construction of pharmacists ’ continuing education certification mechanism ，carry out refined continuing education for pharmacists in different practice fields ， improve the enthusiasm of industry associations ，and add practical content to pharmacists ’continuing education projects.
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OBJECTIVE：To provide reference f or optimizing the curriculum management system of continuing education for licensed pharmacists in China. METHODS ： The content and implementation system of continuing education curriculum management for licensed pharmacists in the United States was introduced ，and policy suggestions were put forward for the curriculum construction and management system optimization of continuing education for licensed pharmacists in China. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：The curriculum management of continuing education for licensed pharmacists in the United States has clear curriculum objectives ，missions and plans ，and evaluates the basic situation of the trainees before continuing education starts ，so as to carry out modular management of the curriculum （including continuing education courses based on knowledge ，application and practice）. In terms of the implementation system of continuing education in the United States ，ACPE has put forward a lifelong learning model （pharmacist continuing career development model ）that emphasizes autonomy and personalization ，and has detailed regulations on teaching methods ，learning cycle and fees. At the same time ，ACPE requires that the feedback of participants on the curriculum must be collected. Combined with the practice in China ，it is suggested that the relevant departments should formulate the Curriculum Standard of Continuing Education for Licensed Pharmacists ， implement standardized management of the curriculum，improve the assessment mechanism of continuing education curriculum ，flexibly grant credits based on the actual education effect ，constantly update the concept and mode of continuing education ，and localize the international theory ，so as to continuously improve the continuing education management system of licensed pharmacists in China.
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OBJECTIVE：To provide reference a nd ideas for improving the organizational system of continuing education and management system of teaching institutions for licensed pharmacists in China. METHODS ：By introducing the general situation of pharmaceutical education ， the legal basis and subject of continuing education organization and management of licensed pharmacists，and the situation of teaching institutions in the United States ，the existing problems in organizing continuing education institutions and managing teaching institutions for licensed pharmacists in China were analyzed ，and some suggestions were put forward. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：The continuing education for licensed pharmacists in the United States is supported and promoted by state laws ；the organizational system of continuing education is relatively clear ，the responsibilities of each management subject are clear and the relationship is coordinated ；the teaching institutions have a relatively complete management system and process. However ，the management subject of continuing education for licensed pharmacists in China is inconsistent. It is difficult to establish a unified supervision system ，and there is a lack of unified management standard. And because the qualifications of teaching institutions vary greatly ，the quality of education is difficult to guarantee. It is suggested that China should learn from the experience of the United States and use higher-level legal documents to ensure the clarity of the organization and system of continuing education for licensed pharmacists ；establish a scientific and complete management system and access standards for continuing education institutions ；choose the appropriate management mode of continuing education based on the national conditions.
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OBJECTIVE：To provide reference for improving the continuing education system for licensed pharmacists in China by learning from the mature experience of the continuing education system of licensed pharmacists in the UK. METHODS ： Literature research method was adopted to summarize and analyze the organizational structure ，specific contents and implementation methods of the continuing education system for licensed pharmacists in the UK by combing the English and Chinese literatures ， official policies and reports of the continuing education system for licensed pharmacists in the UK. The suggestions and reflections were put forward to improve the continuing education system of licensed pharmacists in China. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：The management organization of continuing education system for licensed pharmacists in the UK is mainly UK Association of Boards of Pharmacy，the organizations of which provide continuing education include pharmacy associations ，pharmaceutical education institutions，pharmaceutical colleges and universities. Continuing education system of licensed pharmacists in the UK is relatively perfect，including personal needs analysis ，systematic continuing education courses ，self-education and evaluation reflection of licensed pharmacists ，forming a systematic circulation system ；continuing education is carried out for pharmacists in different practicing fields ，with equal emphasis on theory and practice. In terms of continuing education ，the UK focuses on face-to-face ， one-to-one training ，and provides many free continuing education courses. Compared with the UK ，the continuing education system of licensed pharmacists in China still has some gaps. For example ，the self-education and self-evaluation awareness of licensed pharmacists is not strong ，the content and form of continuing education lack of pertinence and practicality ，and the re-registration management of pharmacists ’practicing qualifications is more formalistic. It is recommended that licensed pharmacists in China establish the concept of self-education ，strengthen the practicality of continuing education for pharmacists ，carry out refined continuing education for pharmacists in different fields of practice ，and strengthen the management of re-registration of licensed pharmacists，so as to form a systematic and effective circulation system for continuing education of licensed pharmacists in China.
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OBJECTIVE： To provide reference for strengthening the construction of retail pharmacy pharmacists and ensure safe and rational use of drugs. METHODS： A simple random sampling method was used to determine 18 cities （counties） in Guizhou province as survey sites to visits all retail drugstores one by one. According to the Pharmacist Pharmaceutical Care Competency Evaluation Standard（Trail） issued by the Chinese Pharmacists Association， questionnaire survey and face-to-face interviews were conducted with licensed pharmacists in Guizhou province’s retail pharmacies， and multiple linear regressions were conducted on the factors affecting the pharmacy’s pharmaceutical care competency. RESULTS： A total of 943 retail pharmacies in Guizhou province were visited， and 270 licensed pharmacists were investigated. The total self-assessment score of pharmaceutical care competence was （79.62±11.23）， with 11.5％ of undergraduate education and above， and 53.0％ of pharmacy related majors. Among self-assessment score of pharmaceutical care competency， score of basic knowledge item such as foreign language knowledge， statistical knowledge and computer knowledge was the lowest， followed by clinical thinking ability and drug treatment evaluation ability. The results of multiple linear regression showed that age had significant influence on the scores of basic skills and professional knowledge. The influence of academic qualifications on personal accomplishment， basic knowledge， basic skills， professional knowledge and professional skills score was statistically significant； the influence of professional and technical positions on total score， personal accomplishment， basic skills and professional skills score was statistically significant （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS： The overall educational level of licensed pharmacists in Guizhou retail pharmacies is low and their professional level is limited. It is suggested that the supervision of licensed pharmacists should be strengthened and the access conditions of licensed pharmacists should be improved； the education and training of professional competency of licensed pharmacists in pharmaceutical care should be strengthened， the functional orientation of licensed pharmacists in retail pharmacies should be clarified， and public safety and rational drug use should be effectively guaranteed.
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Based on the Pharmaceutical Comprehensive Knowledge and Skills Outline in the year of 2003, 2007, 2011 and 2015,the changes and the trend in the chapters and contents of Pharmaceutical Comprehensive Knowledge and Skills were analyzed and discussed,the meaning of versions was elaborated,and the shortcomings were discussed as well. The catalog of the chapters and contents conformed to the economic and social development in China,which is moving toward the direction of clinical pharmacy service.
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OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for the perfection of relevant system of licensed pharmacist qualification exami-nation in China. METHODS:Using the self-made network questionnaire,the survey was conducted among the candidates who par-ticipated in the National Licensed Pharmacist Qualification Examination in 2016 about their evaluation on relevant system of li-censed pharmacist qualification examination. The survey data was analyzed statistically so as to put forward suggestions. RE-SULTS:A total of 4209 questionnaires were collected,including 4205 valid questionnaires with effective rate of 99.90%. 41.90%of the interviewed candidates thought that the examination paper was a good reflection of"to determine the content of the examina-tion according to the need"principle;nearly half of them thought the paper content was reasonable;69.25% thought that the prac-tice of examination paper for the overall promotion of candidates'professional skills and practice level of performance were not sat-isfactory. 80.10% and 68.94% of the interviewed candidates thought that the outline and guidelines of the new national licensed pharmacist qualification examination could guide the preparation of examination. More than half of the interviewed candidates be-lieved that pharmaceutical services and practical experience should be added in examination outline. 49.51% of the candidates thought the persons majoring in pharmacy and TCM should be allowed to participate in this examination. 39.52% of the candidates thought that the requirements of education degree for applicants should be increase to college or bachelor degree or above. 57.18%of the respondents considered that the validity of qualified branch scores should be extended. CONCLUSIONS:The vast majority of the candidates give a high evaluation on the new version of the national licensed pharmacist qualification examination outline and guideline,while some people think that the outline of the examination,the form of examination and entry criteria and other aspects need to be improved. It is recommended that the state attach importance to the cultivation of pharmacy service personnel,raise the threshold of entry and examination,improve the quality of examination quality and improve the form of examination and focus on requirements according to the different areas of practice examination.
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OBJECTIVE:To investigate the direction of examination reform of licensed pharmacists,and to provide a basis for setting up the courses for pharmaceutical major in higher vocational college. METHODS:By the method of literature analysis and comprehensive analysis,examination points and their distribution,the 7th edition of Pharmacy Expertise (Ⅱ) was analyzed in-depth in terms of the change of exam outline,score distribution and the contents of test papers,correlation between teaching ma-terials and scores of test papers,key and difficult points. RESULTS:The exam outline of the 7th edition of Pharmacy Expertise (Ⅱ)was changed from 7 systems into 16 chapters;each chapter contained 3 parts:pharmacological action and clinical evaluation, medication monitoring and clinical application of commonly used drugs;there were most examination points in pharmacological ac-tion and clinical evaluation which were important points. The quantity of test questions was reduced,but choice questions were add-ed,mainly on medication monitoring. The 5th,8th,10th chapters accounted for the most points in the test papers,and ratios of page numbers to points in chapters 1-2,4,9,and 14-16 were all lower than average level. The pharmacological action and clinical evaluation were key points,and the clinical application of commonly used drugs were difficult pints,which emphasized on practi-cal skills in pharmaceutical care. CONCLUSIONS:Licensed pharmacist examination is closely related to clinical practice,which re-flects the characteristics ofexamination based on practiceandpriority to practice,and provides reference for setting up pharma-cy courses.
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OBJECTIVE:To compare the licensed pharmacist system in China and the USA,and to provide reference for im-proving pharmaceutical care and promoting public safety of drug use in China. METHODS:The relevant literatures in recent 10 years were retrieved from CJFD and Wanfang database. The differences of legal status,access qualification,legal obligations and responsibilities of licensed pharmacists in the USA and China were compared,and suggestions on improving the licensed pharma-cists system in China were put forward. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:At present,the problems of licensed pharmacist system in China are mainly that the legal status is not high,the access threshold is low,the legal obligations and responsibilities are not clear. However,the licensed pharmacist system in the USA has been developed for a century and formed a relatively strict legal sys-tem. Model State Pharmacy Act promulgated by National Association of Boards of Pharmacy in USA has clearly defined the access qualifications,legal obligations and responsibilities of licensed pharmacists. The pharmacy acts of the states were enacted on its blueprint. In view of current problems in China,it is necessary to learn from the above experience of the USA to improve the legal status,access qualification,legal obligations and responsibilities of licensed pharmacists and the quality of pharmaceutical care.
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OBJECTIVE: To construct a reasonable licensed pharmacist qualifications access echanism. METHODS: In this paper, qualification of licensed pharmacists was analyzed by literature research and questionnaires. RESULTSAND CONCLUSION: Based on the CAS theory the functions of the eight adaptive subjects involved in the qualification of the licensed pharmacists were divided.8 major subjects include the following functions China Food and Drug Administration macro-control access environment; Ministry of Education certificate Universities of Pharmacy hardware and software; Ministry of Civil Affairs define the authority of the Association moderate; Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security examine the qualifications for examination; Association implement specific access procedures; Universities of Pharmacy assessment of academic and pracrical ability; Employer joint universities practice assessment; Medicine students served by other subjects. And finally establish a flow chart of China's access mechanism to form a set of complex adaptability of the practice of pharmacists access mechanism.
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OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for improving licensed pharmacist qualification system and the legislation of Li-censed Pharmacist Law in China. METHODS:The implementation of licensed pharmacist system in China was introduced;based on the experience of licensed assistant physician system in China and pharmacy technician qualification system in USA,the necessi-ty and feasibility of setting up licensed assistant pharmacist were interpreted. RESULTS&CONCLUSIONS:At present,it is neces-sary to draw lessons from licensed assistant physician system in China and pharmacy technician qualification system in USA and set up licensed assistant pharmacist because of the shortage of licensed pharmacist,low threshold of qualification admittance,non-stan-dard licensed qualification of primary(assistant)pharmacy technician,absence of Licensed Pharmacist Law. It is recommended to promote the legislation of Licensed Pharmacist Law through clearing the definition and responsibility of licensed assistant pharma-cist,confirming examination scope and the threshold of qualification admittance,etc.
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OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for breaking the“dual-track”system of the pharmacist and perfecting pharmacist system in China. METHODS:By reviewing laws and regulations relating to the pharmacist in recent 21 years,the implementation and problems of pharmacist system was investigated. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:The imperfection and dissonance of pharma-cist management regulations and laws system result in long-term“dual-track”system of pharmacist authentication. There still are other problems such as low rate of pharmacist registration and unbalanced regional distribution;unbalance between national li-censed pharmacist examination and examination condition of health systems pharmacist;divergence and mismatching between phar-macy education pharmacist training;social value of pharmacists cannot be reflected adequately. It is suggested to formulate Regula-tions on the Licensed Pharmacists as soon as possible,establish uniform and standard qualification and title appraisal system for na-tional pharmaceutical professional and technical personnel,promote licensed pharmacist classification registration and examination system reform,strengthen pharmacy education and licensed pharmacist training system reform,guide licensed pharmacist allocation rationally and orderly by various measures and enhance the propaganda of licensed pharmacist and their work,so as to promote the mergence of national licensed pharmacists qualification system and health professional technical pharmacist competence system.
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Objective To compare the contents and features of licensed pharmacist qualification examination papers between those in abroad and domestic in order to provide the informations for the reforming the examination in our country.Method The characteristics of licensed pharmacist qualification examination among USA、UK、Australia and China were analysed and compared with classified statistic by using excel software.Results The scene questions are the main type in the three examination papers(＞50％).There were fewer questions examining the memory ability of examinees in abroad examinations,than that of ours.There were one question just had objects of pharmaceutical care (0.18％) in our examination.In the inspection of pharmaceutical knowledge application ability for the practice test(＞60％),covering all aspects of pharmaceutical care; And Chinese licensed pharmacists exam basic no object and pharmaceutical care link information feedback(＞60％),and the others are theoretical knowledge(＞20％).And in the three abroad examinations other common questions were about clinical drug therapy (＞90％),while they were the knowledge of pharmaceutical analysis and pharmaceutics in domestic examination papers (41.97％).Conclusion Licensed pharmacist qualification examination in our country ignored the ability of employing pharmaceutical knowledge and developing pharmaceutical care.The reformation of the licensed pharmacist qualification examination in our country is extremely urgent.
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the status quo of pharmacists training in Hong Kong,and to provide reference for pharmaceutical education reform of college in mainland.METHODS: The status quo,role,license examination and culture system of licensed pharmacist in Hong Kong were analyzed.Based on the practice of our university,the difference in culture system of pharmacentical talents and curriculum setting of pharmaceutical education were compared between Hong Kong and mainland.RESULTS & CONCLUSION: On the basis of education reform practice of our university for Hong Kong students,it is suggested to match the pharmacy curriculum setting and training program used in Hong Kong,to improve the clinical practice,to explore "4+2" culture model,and to enhance English training of pharmaceutical education.
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OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for the professional entrance and management of professional titles of pharmaceutical technicians.METHODS:The regulations on the professional entrance and management of professional titles of pharmaceutical technicians in China and the problems involved were analyzed binding with the actual situations in Guizhou.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:The problems included medical institutions' failure in emphasizing the qualification of pharmacists,indiscrimination of the licensed pharmacists of related specialties,the incompleteness in item design for the certificate of licensed pharmacists,and the training of licensed pharmacists laid focus only on quantity rather than quality.It is advisable to strengthen professional entrance for pharmaceutical technicians and adopt a classified management on licensed pharmacists.
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OBJECTIVE: To enhance the quality of pharmaceutical care of licensed pharmacists in medical services, and to ensure safe, effective, economical, and rational use of drugs. METHODS: The status quo and the problems existing in the legal guarantee of licensed pharmacists in medical service were analyzed, and the necessity of reinforcing legal guarantee for licensed pharmacists in medical service and the feasible measures were discussed. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: It is urgent to set and enforce "Licensed Pharmacist Law" to safeguard the legal rights of licensed pharmacists in medical service in the mo-de of law, facilitate the implementation of licensed pharmacist system in medical service, consummate management on licensed pharmacists, reinforce licensed pharmacists' consciousness of legal guarantee, and enhance the quality of pharmaceutical care.
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OBJECTIVE:To study the content and feature of licensed pharmacist qualification examination abroad in order to provide the evidence for the reform of licensed pharmacist qualification examination in China.METHODS:The relevant literature was referred to and a comprehensive analysis was made.RESULTS &CONCLUSION:Strict control over the inclusion criteria in the examination should be strengthened in China.The content and the types of questions should be adjusted to test the real competency of the examinees.The targeting role of the examination should be reinforced,and monitoring as well evaluating system should be established to upgrade the degree of openness.Foreign graduated pharmacological students and pharmacists should be allowed for licensed pharmacist qualification examination in China and registered.The association of licensed pharmacists should play its full potentials.